ABSTRACT The Weather Research and Forecasting Model and its four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system are employed to examine the impact of airborne Doppler radar observations on ...

Gales and rainstorms brought by landfalling typhoons cause extensive casualties and losses of property every year in many coastal areas of the western Pacific. As such, predicting the track and ...

Clockwise from top left: Images of the 2020 Midwest Derecho from radar and microwave satellite observations show similar patterns, which are obscured in infrared brightness satellite observations. A ...

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...

Data assimilation is an important mathematical discipline in earth sciences, particularly in numerical weather prediction (NWP). However, conventional data assimilation methods require significant ...

ABSTRACT Radio wave propagation on low-altitude paths over the ocean above 2 GHz is significantly affected by negative refractivity gradients in the atmospheric surface layer, which form what is often ...